Penyelidikan Fatwa Dalam Kerangka Maqasid Al-Syariah : Satu Tinjauan

[Fatawa Research In The Framework Of The Maqasid Al-Sharia: An Overview]

Abstract

The objective of fatwa research has a close relationship with the objectives of Shariah (Maqasid al-Sharia). The society is now faced with a new problem, which is caused by the changing patterns of life and the rapid development of science and technology ,, that give rise to a new cyber era. To solve all the problems of the human race in this new millennium, the fatwa institution must conduct an istinbat of hukm through research of fatwa systematically and effectively within the framework of Maqasid al-Sharia. With this basis, Muslim jurists or Sharia researcher are doing fatwa research more efficiently and effectively through. their diligence in understanding the verses of Quran and Sunnah as well as seeking approaches to common methods for the realization of cases more specific. Thus, the most important framework as a catalyst to the effectiveness of fatwa research is the is the understanding of jurists of the texts and the current reality. This study enunciates three (3) methods, namely, content analysis that examines the epistemological framework of fatwa and ijtihad in Islam (the question of resources, the nature of science and the balance sheet valuation) used by a particular scholar / writer Sharia; methods and comparative historiography that examines the history of the construction of Islamic law and sociology research methods to examine the background of the community such as the socio-political structure, economy and institutions (such as the institution of fatwa) that affect the production of rules. The discussion of this article covers the definitions and concepts of Maqasid al-Sharia and fatwa, the authority of Maqasid al-Sharia and fatwa research within the framework of Maqasid al-Sharia. Fatwa research should take into account all scientific fields that are not limited to the field of religion alone, even though in cases involving science and technology. This also includes the intellectuals and the reality of life whether in the socio-economic, cultural, social interaction and so on. This is important because it determines the legal ruling based on the realities and challenges without denying the aspects of Maqasid al-Sharia. Therefore, the best method of fatwa research is to analyze the hukm without neglecting the aspects of the development and changes of the current reality. This effort is important to maintain Maqasid al- sharia in the process of istinbat of hukum based on contemporary fatwa research.

ABSTRAK

Objektif penyelidikan fatwa sebenarnya wujud perkaitan yang rapat dengan objektif syariah (maqasid al-syariah) itu sendiri. Masyarakat kini berhadapan dengan pelbagai permasalahan baru, kesan daripada perubahan corak kehidupan dan perkembangan sains dan teknologi yang begitu pesat, sekaligus lahir satu era yang dikenali era siber. Untuk mengatasi segala permasalahan hidup umat manusia millenium baharu ini, institusi fatwa perlu melakukan istinbat hukum melalui penyelidikan fatwa dalam kerangka maqasid al-syariah secara sistematik dan berkesan. Di atas asas inilah fuqaha atau penyelidik Syariah melakukan usaha-usaha penyelidikan fatwa dengan efisien dan efektif. Mereka berijtihad dalam memahami nas-nas al-Quran dan sunah serta mencari pendekatan kepada kaedah umum untuk direalisasikan pada kes-kes yang lebih khusus. Oleh yang demikian kerangka terpenting sebagai pemangkin keberkesanan penyelidikan fatwa ialah pemahaman fuqaha terhadap nas-nas dan juga realiti semasa. Kajian menggarapkan tiga kaedah utama iaitu, analisis kandungan yang meneliti kerangka epistemologi fatwa dan ijtihad dalam Islam (persoalan sumber, sifat sesuatu 48 Vol.20 (April) 2017 ilmu dan neraca penilaian) yang digunakan seseorang sarjana/penulis syariah; kaedah pensejarahan dan perbandingan yang meneliti sejarah pembinaan hukum Islam dan kaedah penelitian sosiologi yang meneliti latar belakang masyarakat seperti aspek sosio-politik, struktur, ekonomi dan institusi tertentu (seperti institusi fatwa) yang mempengaruhi penghasilan peraturan.