Examining the interconnection between maqasid al-shariah and sleep quality: Implications for holistic wellbeing in Islamic legal and ethical

Mohd Amzari Tumiran; Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli; Ahmed Salem Bahammam; Mohd Yakub@Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff

doi:10.33102/uij.vol37no03.685

Authors

Mohd Amzari Tumiran Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-4442
Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli Centre for Civilisational Dialogue, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-7140
Ahmed Salem Bahammam College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11324, Saudi Arabia
Mohd Yakub@Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 60603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol37no03.685

Keywords:

Maqasid al-Shariah, sleep quality, holistic wellbeing, Islamic contexts

Abstract

Sleep quality significantly impacts physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing, yet its relationship with Maqasid al-Shariah (Islamic Law Objectives) remains understudied. This narrative review examined the interconnections between Maqasid al-Shariah and sleep quality, analyzing their implications for holistic wellbeing in Islamic contexts. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published in the last two decades. The analysis revealed five key interconnections between Maqasid al-Shariah principles and sleep quality: physical health preservation, cognitive function enhancement, mental health maintenance, cultural practice integration, and economic implications. Each interconnection is aligned with specific Maqasid al-Shariah objectives, particularly preserving life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql), community (ḥifẓ al-nasl), religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), and wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl). The findings demonstrate how Islamic principles can inform sleep health interventions while suggesting directions for future research on specific Maqasid principles' effects on sleep quality across different Islamic societies.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdelali, Z. B., & Tarshany, Y. M. (2020). The concept of intellect in the Noble Quran and the ways of preserve it: A Quranic study. Jurnal al-Turath; 5(2), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4392809

Abdul Rasool, M. S., Mohd Yusof, M. A., & Ali, S. M. (2020). Wellbeing of the society: A Maqasid Al-Shari'ah approach. Afkar: Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam, 25-46. https://doi.org/10.22452/AFKAR.SP2020NO1.2

Abdul Wahab, N. A., Ab Hamid, N., Hashim, S. N. I., Meerangani, K. A., Abdul Hamid, M. F., & Atan, M. A. (2023). Islamic tourism based on Maqasid Syariah as a mental wellbeing therapy: Preliminary study highlights. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(8), 244-256. http://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i8/17683

Afifah, T. A. (2022). Religious mental health: A shift to an Islamic psychology. Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 10(2), 369-382. https://doi.org/10.21274/kontem.2022.10.2.369-382

Akbar, T., & Siti-Nabiha, A. K. (2022). Objectives and measures of performance of Islamic microfinance banks in Indonesia: The stakeholders' perspectives. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 14(2), 124-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijif-11-2020-0231

Al Madani, H., Alotaibi, K. O., & Alhammadi, S. (2020). The role of Sukuk in achieving sustainable development: Evidence from the Islamic Development Bank. Banks and Bank Systems, 15(4), 36-48. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.04

Alimohammadi, N., Moghaddasi, J., & Farzi, S. (2021). Analytical comparison of the holistic perspectives of Islamic intellectuals and common philosophical approaches in nursing respecting human being. Journal of Multidisciplinary Care, 10(4), 168-172. https://doi.org/10.34172/jmdc.2021.32

Al-Nawawi, A. Z. M. (2023). Riyad al-salihin. Resalah Publishers.

Ammar, A. (2023). Performance assessment of Islamic banks in the light of Maqasid Al-Shariah: A global evidence. International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 11(2), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v11i2.2124

Anwar, S., Riaz, M. N., & Ahmed, F. (2022). Relationship between attitude towards infidelity, difficulty in emotion regulation and mental health issues among married individuals. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 6(2), 536-548. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2022(6-ii)47

Armand, M. A., Biassoni, F., & Corrias, A. (2021). Sleep, wellbeing and academic performance: A study in a Singapore residential college. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 672238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672238

Asan, S., Panjaitan, A., Suwu, S. E., & Ferdinand, F. V. (2020). Employee engagement and organization support strategies: The mediating role of perceived organization support for holistic employee subjective wellbeing. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 18(4), 754-766. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2020.018.04.14

Ashimi, T. A. (2020). The importance of al-wasatiyyah in Islamic worldview. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(11), 206-11. https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.11.2020.p10724

Awaad, R., Obaid, E., Kouser, T., & Ali, S. (2023). Addressing mental health through community partnerships in a Muslim community. Psychiatric Services, 74(1), 96-99. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202100505

Azis, M. I., Eril, E., Taqiyuddin BN, A. M., Salam, A., & Arief, A. (2024). Maqāṣid al-shari'ah theory by Imam al-Syāṭibī. Anayasa: Journal of Legal Studies, 2(1), 17-34.https://doi.org/10.61397/ays.v2i1.191

Aziz, A., Manalu, P., Oktaviandi, W., & Apriadi, D. (2024). SDG's and Maqasid Shariah principles: Synergies for global prosperity. Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 4(2), e01873. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v4.n02.pe01873

BaHammam, A. S. (2011). Sleep from an Islamic perspective. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 6(4), 187-192. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.84771

BaHammam, A. S. (2022). The contributions of Islam and Muslim scholars to infection control: Dealing with contagious diseases and pandemics. Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine, 5(4), 372-378. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/jnsm.jnsm_109_22

BaHammam, A. S. (2025). Sleep and health: An Islamic perspective. In B. H. Aboul-Enein, G. H. Rassool, N. Benajiba, J. Bernstein, & M. E. Faris (Eds.), Contemporary Islamic perspectives in public health (pp. 118–123). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009231268

BaHammam, A. S., & Gozal, D. (2012). Qur’anic insights into sleep. Nature and Science of Sleep, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S34630

Batchelor, D. (2021). An enhanced Islamic index of wellbeing (IWI 2.0-2021) for Muslim countries. ICR Journal, 12(2), 195-234. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v12i2.850

Boggiss, A. L., Consedine, N. S., Brenton-Peters, J. M., Hofman, P. L., & Serlachius, A. S. (2020). A systematic review of gratitude interventions: Effects on physical health and health behaviors. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 135, 110165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110165

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Chen, S. M., Gao, L., Lin, S. H., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Relationship between parental involvement and emotional well‐being in Chinese left‐behind children: A moderated mediation model. Family Relations, 73(2), 1346-1361. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12905

Dahlan, A., Qodsiyah, B. H., Azizah, A., Asmawi, A., & Hejazziey, D. (2023). Al-Buti's thoughts on maslāhah and its application in the fatwa of World Fatwa Institutions. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 1148-1170. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.17552

Daud, A., Hasmat, N. E. A., & Othman, H. (2023). Association between sleep quality and mental illness among undergraduate students. International Journal of Care Scholars, 6(3), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v6i3.335

Demirkol, H., BaHammam, A. S., Savucu, E., Erol, A., Tumiran, M. A., Alkhalifah, A., & Eltayeb, G. E. A. (2025). Midday napping (qailulah) habits and perceived stress levels among Muslim adults in Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Stress and Health, 41(4), e70092. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.70092

Deuraseh, N. (2022). Reconstruction of the higher objective of Islamic law (Maqasid Shariah) to strengthen halal industry with special reference to halal environment, halal green and halal medical industry in global era. Proceedings of Malikussaleh International Conference on Law, Legal Studies and Social Science, 2, 00001. https://doi.org/10.29103/micolls.v2i.235

Don, A. G., Puteh, A., & Mokhtar, A. I. (2022). Da’wah Maqasid Al-Syariah in nurturing community wellbeing. Jurnal Pengajian Islam, 15(1), 249-258.

Ghazali, E. F., & Mohamed, S. (2023). Conceptual framework of the work-life balance model based on Maqasid Syariah towards social wellbeing at universiti awam Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced Research in Education and Society, 5(3), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.55057/ijares.2023.5.3.38

Ghose, S. M., Reid, M. P., Dautovich, N. D., & Dzierzewski, J. M. (2022). Sleep and social wellness: Does current subjective and objective sleep inform future social wellbeing?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811668

Gordon, A. M., Carrillo, B., & Barnes, C. M. (2021). Sleep and social relationships in healthy populations: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 57, 101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101428

Hale, L., Troxel, W., & Buysse, D. J. (2020). Sleep health: An opportunity for public health to address health equity. Annual Review of Public Health, 41, 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094412

Hashi, A. A. (2022). Clinical applications of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah in healthcare services. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Science, 18, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.18.s19.30

Iman, B. A., Tjahjono, H. K., & Qamari, I. N. (2024). Examining the influence of organizational justice and workplace spirituality on mental health: Exploring the interplay of interpersonal trust. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 7666-7677. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.3052

İpar, N. (2024). Relationship between sleep quality, chronotype, and depression in youth: A cross-sectional study. Gulhane Medical Journal, 66(4),167-175. https://doi.org/10.4274/gulhane.galenos.2024.99705

Irfan, B., & Yaqoob, A. (2024). Between Fajr and Isha: Understanding Sleep Dynamics in Islamic Prayer Timings and Astronomical Considerations. Cureus, 16(4), e58911. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.58911.

Isoard‐Gautheur, S., Ginoux, C., Petit, R., Clavier, V., Dias, D., Sarrazin, P., & Couturier, K. (2023). Relationships between food insecurity, physical activity, detachment from studies, and students' well‐being: A prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 33(7), 1242-1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14361

Iswari, N. M. Y., Utami, D. K. I., Indradewi Karang, A. A. A. S., & Adnyana, I. M. O. (2023). A survey of knowledge and practices of balinese culture sleep hygiene modification among health faculty students at Hindu Indonesia University. International Journal of Research and Review, 10(12), 542-554. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231257

Jatmiko, W., Iqbal, A., & Ebrahim, M. S. (2024). On the ethicality of Islamic banks’ business model. British Journal of Management, 35(1), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12703

Jeeawody, A. B., Adhikari, R., & Sivamalai, S. (2021). COVID-19, a complex emotional wellbeing challenge: A path to recovery in Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 20(2), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i2.45770

Kader, H. (2021). Human wellbeing, morality and the economy: An Islamic perspective. Islamic Economic Studies, 28(2), 102-123. https://doi.org/10.1108/ies-07-2020-0026

Khalil, M. N., & Hussain, T. (2022). Qualitative analysis of Maqasid Al Shariah based model in Islamic banks: A way forward. Journal of Economic Impact, 4(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.52223/jei4022210

Khan, M. A., & Al-Jahdali, H. (2023). The consequences of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. Neurosciences Journal, 28(2), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2023.2.20220108

Koburtay, T., Syed, J., & Salhi, N. A. (2022). Theorizing the notion of well‐being in Islam: An update of Ryff's theory of eudaimonic psychological well‐being. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(5), 2475-2490. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22790

Kumar, A. P., Omprakash, A., Kuppusamy, M., Maruthy, K. N., Sathiyasekaran, B. W. C, Vijayaraghavan, P. V., & Ramaswamy, P. (2020). How does cognitive function measured by the reaction time and critical flicker fusion frequency correlate with the academic performance of students?. BMC Medical Education, 20, 507. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02416-7

Lakshmi, B. S., Ujianti, I., Fahrozi, F., Albantani, I., Putri, A., Nofrizal, N., Rahmadi, A., Stujanna, E. N., Nurusshofa, Z., & Sukarya, W. S. (2023). The correlation between sleep quality and level of stress among students in Islamic Boarding School Bogor. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya, 240-245. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jkb.2023.032.04.7

Li, W., Yin, J., Cai, X., Cheng, X., & Wang, Y. (2020). Association between sleep duration and quality and depressive symptoms among university students: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 15(9), e0238811. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238811

Mansur, U., Nurohman, D., & Anshor, A. M. (2024). Revitalizing financial freedom to achieve a sustainable economy based on maqashid al-shariah in hifz al-mal. Al-Mustashfa: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 9(2), 286-304.

Maulida, S., & Ali, M. M. . (2023). Maqasid shariah index: A literature review. Maqasid Al-Shariah Review, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.58968/msr.v2i1.309

Mehta, A. (2024). The sleep revolution: Uncovering the deep impact of rest on wellbeing. Journal of Sustainable Solutions, 1(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.36676/j.sust.sol.v1.i2.7

Meor Badi’auzzaman, I. S. (2022). Aligning the Maqasid al-Shariah and Qawa’id al-Fiqhiyyah to the development of a mobile application for early breast cancer detection. Revelation and Science, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31436/revival.v12i1.296

Mohamad, A. D., Osman, K., & Mokhtar, A. I. (2020). Spirituality in maqasid for the empowerment of human wellbeing. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 11(10), 69-73. https://doi.org/10.30845/ijbss.v11n10p6

Mohd Noh, M. S. (2022). Economic sustainability from Maqasid Al-Shariah perspective in IR 4.0 era. Al-Basirah Journal, 12(2), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.22452/basirah.vol12no2.11

Muhammad Amin, A. R. (2020). Implementation of Maqasid Al-Syariah contemporary perspective. Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development, 2(3),189-200. https://doi.org/10.30880/JSTARD.2020.02.03.023

Nafisa, A., Iskandar, A., & Nugraha, B. (2024). Islam Wasatiyah as a form of religious moderation: Values, challenges, and implementation in Indonesia. Bulletin of Islamic Research, 1(4), 419-434.. https://doi.org/10.69526/bir.v1i4.44

Nasution, H., Nasution, M. S., Dayu, W., Matsum, H., Tamami, A., & Islamy, I. E. (2023). Emancipative Islamic theology and Hifz Al-Din: Muslim youth resistance against shamanism. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 79(1), 8338. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v79i1.8338

Naveed, S., Lakka, T., & Haapala, E. A. (2020). An overview on the associations between health behaviors and brain health in children and adolescents with special reference to diet quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030953

Ndayiragije, F. (2021). Enhancing mental wellbeing through psychological education: The role of emotional intelligence development. Interdisciplinary Journal Papier Human Review, 2(2), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijphr.v2i2.219

Noor, M., & Ahmad, G. (2021). Sleep quality, decision making and psychological wellbeing among auto-drivers. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 18(4), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.63050/jpps.18.04.102

Olipas, C. N. P., & Cochanco, R. A. G. (2021). The information technology students’ cognitive determinants and its relationship to academic performance. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(3), 381-389. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.83.39

Oliver, S. P., & Geng, Y. J. (2022). Impact of sleep on cardiovascular health: A narrative review. Heart and Mind 6(3), 120-126. https://doi.org/10.4103/hm.hm_29_22

Opwis, F., & Eriouiche, M. (2022). New trends in Islamic legal theory: Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘a as a new source of law?. Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, 2(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.52100/jcms.v2i2.108

Osman, N. D., & Omer, A. (2023). Biosafety from the Maqasid Shariah views. Al-Maqasid: The International Journal of Maqāṣid Studies and Advanced Islamic Research, 4(2), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.55265/almaqasid.v4i2.36

Papoush, A. A., Afarinesh, A., & Assi, A. Q. (2020). Nomadicating the index of sleep and wakefulness from the pyramid creating and maintaining the health of Islamic Islamism. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 28(2), 2334-2350. https://doi.org/10.18502/ssu.v28i2.3474

Peng, J., Zhang, J., Wang, B., He, Y., Lin, Q., Fang, P., & Wu, S. (2023). The relationship between sleep quality and occupational wellbeing in employees: The mediating role of occupational self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1071232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071232

Pilcher, J. J., & Morris, D. M. (2020). Sleep and organizational behavior: Implications for workplace productivity and safety. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00045

Qasem Al-Nahari, A. A. A., Mohammad Monawer, A. T., Haji Abdullah, L., Ali, A. K., Abdul Rahman, N. N., & Achour, M. (2022). Common conceptual flaws in realizing maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah vis-à-vis Islamic finance. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 14(2), 190-205. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijif-12-2020-0259

Rabe, N. S., Osman, M. M., Bachok, S., & Abdullah, A. (2017). Quality of life: Review on an approach integrating Maqasid Al-Shariah. Advanced Science Letters, 23(4), 2718-2721. https://doi.org/10.1166/ASL.2017.7720

Racine, N., McArthur, B. A., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Zhu, J., & Madigan, S. (2021). Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: A meta-analysis. JAMA pediatrics, 175(11), 1142-1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482

Radfar, A., Ferreira, M. M., Sosa, J. P., & Filip, I. (2021). Emergent crisis of COVID-19 pandemic: Mental health challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 631008. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.631008

Samad, T. F. D., & Sugeng, A. (2022). The role of the Islamic economic system in achieving Fallah. Adzkiya: Jurnal Hukum dan Ekonomi Syariah, 10(2), 175-186. https://doi.org/10.32332/adzkiya.v10i02.5295

Sameera, T. A., Jose, L. K., Vidyadharan, V., & Saleem, T. K. (2023). Relationship between sleep quality and psychological wellbeing among caregivers of patients with mental illness. Kerala Journal of Psychiatry, 36(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.36.1.2023.350

Setyowati, L., Ramadhan, I. A., Aini, N., Dwi Marta, O. F., & Mashfufa, E. W. (2022). Effect of wudhu on sleep quality. KnE Medicine, 2(3), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.18502/kme.v2i3.11865

Shi, Y., & Qu, S. (2021a). Cognition and academic performance: Mediating role of personality characteristics and psychology health. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 774548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774548

Shi, Y., & Qu, S. (2021b). Cognitive ability and self-control’s influence on high school students’ comprehensive academic performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 783673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783673

Shihan, M., Amanullah, M., & Ali Zaroum, A. M. (2023). The examination of the social dimension of shariah from the viewpoint of Maqasid Al-Shariah: A case study of the preservation of intellect. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 6(2), 1038-1046. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i2-36

Singh, T., Ahmed, T. H., Mohamed, N., Elhaj, M. S., Mohammed, Z., Paulsingh, C. N., Mohamed, M. B., & Khan, S. (2022). Does insufficient sleep increase the risk of developing insulin resistance: A systematic review. Cureus, 14(3), e23501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23501

Solihati, G. P., Suhardiyanto, H., Hakim, D. B., & Irawan, T. (2023). Integrating good corporate governance, Islamic corporate social responsibility, zakat, syariah governance, and syariah compliance: Exploring their interconnected impact on the financial health of Islamic commercial banks. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management, 1(3), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.61100/adman.v1i3.94

Su, P., & He, M. (2023). Relationship between sleep quality and subjective wellbeing: resilience as a mediator and belief in a just world as a moderator. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1297256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1297256

Sultana-Muchindu, Y., & Chiwala, O. (2024). Assessment of the relationship between sleep hygiene practices, quality of life and academic performance among medical students at the University of Lusaka, Zambia. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 7(7), 5835-5850. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v7-i7-104

Thadani, K., & Joshi, G. (2024). Examining the influence of gratitude on sleep quality among young adult population: A scientific exploration. Interantional Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, 8(5), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem33487

Triwibowo, A., Sugeng, A., & Baidhowi, M. M. (2023). Tax incentives during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Islamic economics perspective. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 9(1), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol9.iss1.art9

Tumiran, M. A., Abdul Rahman, N. N., Mohd. Saat, R., Kabir, N., Zulkifli, M. Y., & Hasan Adli, D. S. (2018). The concept of Qailulah (midday napping) from neuroscientific and Islamic perspectives. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(4), 1363-1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0093-7

Turner, M., Laws, M., Griffiths, M., Turner, K., Dempsey, L., Laws, S. M., & Cruickshank, T. (2024). The relationships between multidimensional sleep health and work productivity in individuals with neurological conditions. Journal of Sleep Research, 33(4), e14107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14107

Valdebenito-Villalobos, J., Parra-Rizo, M. A., Chávez-Castillo, Y., Díaz-Vargas, C., Sanzana Vallejos, G., Gutiérrez Echavarría, A., Tapia Figueroa, A., Godoy Montecinos, X., Zapata-Lamana, R., & Cigarroa, I. (2022). Perception of cognitive functions and academic performance in Chilean public schools. Behavioral Sciences, 12(10), 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100356

Velten, J., Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2022). Positive mental health scale: Validation and measurement invariance across eight countries, genders, and age groups. Psychological Assessment, 34(4), 332-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001094

Viola, E., Martorana, M., Ceriotti, D., De Vito, M., De Ambrosi, D., & Faggiano, F. (2024). The effects of cultural engagement on health and wellbeing: A systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1369066. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1369066

Wang, J., Zhang, X., Simons, S. R., Sun, J., Shao, D., & Cao, F. (2020). Exploring the bi-directional relationship between sleep and resilience in adolescence. Sleep Medicine, 73, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.018

Wani, P. D. (2024). Quantity and quality of sleep among medical and paramedical students: A comprehensive study and analysis. International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science, 9(4), 228-234. https://doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol09-i04/1837

Weighall, A., & Kellar, I. (2024). Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: A summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 7(5), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20230110

Yang, Z., Sun, F., Zhao, L., Hu, T., Lin, X., & Guo, Y. (2023). Self-efficacy and wellbeing in the association between caregiver burden and sleep quality among caregivers of elderly patients having multiple chronic conditions in rural China: A serial multiple mediation analysis. BMC Nursing, 22(1), 424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01587-0

Yusof, S. A., Budiman, M. A., Amin, R. M., & Abideen, A. (2019). Holistic development and wellbeing based on Maqasid Al-Shari'ah: The case of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 40(4), 1-21.

Zailani, M. N., Mohd Satar, N., & Zakaria, R. H. (2022). A review of indicators for the preservation of wealth (hifz al-mal) based on maqasid al-shariah. Journal of Islamic Philanthropy & Social Finance, 4(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.24191/jipsf/v4n12022_23-29

Zakariyah, Z. (2024). Improving madrasah competitiveness through excellent Islamic education development strategies. Nazhruna Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i1.4541