Aritmetik penentuan takwim Hijri oleh Syeikh Abdul Rahman Gudang al-Fatani dalam Minhaj al-Qawim
[The arithmetic for determination of Hijri calendar by Syeikh Abdul Rahman Gudang al-Fatani in Minhaj al-Qawim]
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol37no02.652Keywords:
Aritmetik, Takwim Hijri, Huruf Jummal, Minhaj al-QawimAbstract
Minhaj al-Qawim fi macrifati al-Hisab wa al-Taqwim (1310H/1893M) merupakan naskhah falak takwim koleksi Khazanah Fathaniyah (2018) terdiri daripada empat lembar (tujuh halaman) menggunakan bahasa Melayu jawi. Naskhah ini membincangkan ilmu hisab dalam penyusunan takwim istilahi. Hitungan bagi penyusunan tersebut menggunakan teknik aritmetik mudah bermula dengan pengenalan 28 huruf abjadiyah yang mempunyai nilai tertentu. Artikel ini bertujuan mengungkapkan hitungan aritmetik yang digunakan dalam penentuan takwim. Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif menggunakan metodologi analisis kandungan merangkumi naskhah pramoden, buku-buku, jurnal dan dokumen yang berkaitan tokoh dan takwim Hijri. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan meneliti asal usul angka bersama nilainya bagi huruf tahun dan bulan sehingga perhitungan awal bulan yang dijelaskan dalam naskhah tersebut. Hasil kajian mendapati konsep aritmetik dalam hisab istilahi telah diamalkan masyarakat Islam di Patani pada abad ke-19M terutamanya dalam kalangan ulama falak ketika itu. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini membuktikan konsep hisab istilahi adalah sinonim digunakan ketika pramoden di Alam Melayu semasa proses perkembangan ilmu falak.
Minhāj al-Qawīm fī maᶜrifati al-Ḥisāb wa al-Taqwīm (1310H/1893M) is a falak manuscript from the Khazanah Fathaniyah collection (2019). It has seven pages written in Malay Jawi script. This manuscript discusses the mathematical aspect of calculation in the compilation of the takwim istilahi (octaval calendar). The calculations for this compilation utilize simple arithmetic techniques, beginning with an introduction to the 28 abjadiyah letters, each possessing a specific numerical value. This article aims to critically analyze the arithmetic methods in ḥisāb istilahi employed by Sheikh Abdul Rahman Gudang al-Faṭānī and to evaluate their accuracy in compiling the Hijri calendar. This study adopts both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach uses content analysis, encompassing pre-modern manuscripts, books, journals and documents related to the scholar and the Hijri calendar. The quantitative approach utilizes Accurate Time 5.7 software for data validation. This research will extract aspects related to huruf jummal (numerical values of letters), huruf tahun (numerical values of years), huruf bulan (numerical values of months) and calculation of the month beginning as explained in the manuscript. The findings indicate that the arithmetic concepts within this manuscript demonstrate a scientific application in the compilation of the takwim istilahi. In conclusion, the concept of ḥisāb istilahi was widely used during the pre-modern era in the Malay Archipelago amidst the development of falak knowledge, owing to its simple methodology and its close approximation to actual astronomical criteria.
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