Islamic Foundations of Sustainable Employee Behavior: Evidence From The Noble Quranic Verses And Hadith
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol36no01.522Keywords:
Islamic behavior, Organizational Behavior, homogeneous behavior, hypocrisy, dissemblance, truthfulness, Sincerity, behavioral training, sustainable behavior.Abstract
Islam is a comprehensive religion, and the need for its teachings increases with the increase in human problems. In this era, the need for organizations to face the challenge of sustainability increases, seeking to enable the behavior of employees to become a sustainable behavior that contributes to its sustainability. This research aims to explore the Islamic foundations in the sustainable behavior of employees. The literature attached the sustainability of behavior with environmental, psychological, and spiritual but did not relate them to the Islamic foundations that emphasize fixed pillars for establishing sustainable behavior. In this study, we follow the descriptive-analytical approach and explore these pillars through the noble Quranic verses and the authentic Hadiths. The study suggests that the establishment of sustainable behavior is based on a tripartite link between Islamic behavior in the working environment, behavior in the personal surroundings, and behavioral training. So that it creates a homogeneity of the individual's behavior, and where the same behavior is required of him is the same in the workplace and the personal surroundings, so the focus is on avoiding hypocrisy and affirming truthfulness and Reinforcing and directing behavior through training in this behavior to ensure its steadiness and sustainability. We aspire to make a systematic change in behavior management for sustainability, and this research paper contributes to developing the behavioral view of employees and addressing their problems for sustainable behavior.
Downloads
References
Al-Quran Al-kareem
ʻAbdul Bāqī, Ṣalāḥ Ad-dīn. (2000). As-Sulūk At-Tanẓīmī fi Al-Munaẓẓamāt. Al-Iskandariyyah: Ad-Dār Al-Jāmiʻiyyah.
ʻAbdul-Latīf, Aḥmad. (1987). Kitāb al-fikr al-ʻarabi at-tarbawī al-Islāmi al-usūl wal-mabādi’. Jamiʻat ad-duwal al-ʻarabiyyah: Al-Munaẓẓamah al-ʻarabiyyah lit-tarbiyah wa ath-thaqafah wal-ʻulūm.
ʻAbdul-Muʻtī, Ḥasan, ʻAwād, ʻIssām, & Shāsh, Suheyr. (2018). Taʻdīl as-Sulūk dalīl ʻIlmī wa ʻamalī lil-Ābā’ wal-murabbīn wal-ʻāmilīn maʻ al-ashkhāṣ al-ʻādiyyīn wa dhawī al-iḥtiyājāt al-khāṣṣah. ʻAmmān: Dār al-Yazūrī alʻilmiyyah lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Abū ʻAssāf, Mu’ayyad, & Al-Mirʻī, Haitham. (2019). At-Tatbiqāt al-ʻIlmiyyah fi idārat al-Mawārid al-bashariyyah bil-muassasāt al-ʻāmmah wal-khāssah. ʻAmmān: Dār Amjad lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Abū Dawūd, Sulaymān Ibn Al-Ashʻath As-Sijistānī. (2015). As-Sunan (Vol. 7). (Abi Turāb ʻĀdel bin Muḥammad & Abu ʻAmrū Imād ad-dīn ibn ʻAbbas, eds). Markaz al-buḥūth wa tiqaniyat al-maʻlūmāt Dār Asīl: Bayrūt.
Agudeloa, C. R., & Cortes-Gómez, A. (2021). Sustainable behaviors, prosocial behaviors, and religiosity in Colombia. A first empirical assessment (PhD diss., Jorge Tadeo University). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100088.
Aguilera, R. V., Aragón-Correa, J. A., Marano, V., & Tashman, P. A. (2021). The Corporate Governance of Environmental Sustainability: A Review and Proposal for More Integrated Research. Journal of Management, 47(6), 1468-1497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206321991212.
Al-ʻAkāylah, ʻAbdullah. (1986). Naḥwa madkhal Islāmī lil-iṣlāḥ al-idārī. Aṣ-ṣāyigh Nāṣir muḥammad (ed), Al-Idārah al-ʻāmmah wal-iṣlāḥ al-idārī fi al-watan al-ʻarabi (pp 954-989). ʻAmmān: al-munaẓẓamah al-ʻarabiyyah lil-ʻulūm al-’idariyyah.
Al-ʻAkbarī, Abū ʻAbdullah. (1994). Al-Ibānah ʻan sharīʻat al-firqah an-nājiyah wa mujābahat al-firaq al-madhmūmah (2nd ed.). (Riḍā bin Naʻsān Muʻṭī, ed) Ar-Riyāḍ: Dār ar-rāyah lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Al-ʻAllām, Muhannad. (2019). Muqaddimah fi usūl falsafat ad-dīn. Muhannad al-ʻAllam.
Al-Andalusī, Ibn ḥazm. (2014). Al-Akhlāq was-siyar fi mudāwāt an-nufūs. (Aṭ-Tāhir Aḥmad Makkī, ed) Al-Qāhirah: Dār al-maʻārif.
ʻAmūr, Sāmī Bāsim. (2013). Al-Manhaj an-nabawī fit-taʻāmul maʻ al-khata’ as-sulūkī fi ḥalat as-silm dirasāt ta’ṣīliyyah mawḍūʻiyyah (PhD diss., The World Islamic Science and Education University). https://academia-arabia.com/Reader/Thesis/21578.
Al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad bin Ismaʻīl bin Ibrāhīm. (2018). Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī. (Jawād Mūsā Muḥammad ʻAfānah, ed) Jawād ʻAfānah.
Baines, J. (2002). Usus at-taʻāmul wal-akhlāq lil-qarn al-wāhid wal-ʻishrīn. (Aḥmad Rummū, Trans). Dimashq: Dār ʻAlā’ ad-dīn.
Bodenheimer, M. (2018). Transition towards Socially Sustainable Behavior? An Analysis of the Smartphone Sector. International Sustainability Transitions (IST) 64 pages. Fraunhofer ISI. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328341602.
Celestine, N. A., & Yeo, G. (2021). Having some fun with it: A theoretical review and typology of activity-based play-at-work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(2), 252-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2444.
Corral-Verdugo, V., Montiel-Carbajal, M., Sotomayor-Petterson, M., Frías-Armenta, M., Tapia-Fonllem, C., & Fraijo-Sing, B. (2011). Psychological Wellbeing as Correlate of Sustainable Behaviors. International Journal of Hispanic Psychology, 4(1), 31-44. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
De Jongh, E. (2017). Discernment in Management: A Hermeneutic Approach. In E. Hence, C. Hübenthal, and W. M. Speelman (Eds.), the Quest for Quality of Life (pp. 47-67). Münster, Germany: Ashendroff Verlag,.
Dhiman, S., & Marques, J. (2016). Spirituality and sustainability. New York, NY: Springer International Publishing.
George, G., Howard-Grenville, J., Joshi, A., & Tihanyi, L. (2016). Understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research. Academy of management journal 59(6), 1880–1895. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4007.
Al-Ghāmidī, Saʻīd bin Nāṣir. (2010). Akhlāqiyyāt al-Aʻmāl ḍarūrah Tanmawiyyah wa Maslaḥah Sharʻiyyah (Vol. 242). Makkah Al-Mukarramah: Rābiṭat Al-ʻĀlam Al-Islāmī, silsilat daʻwah al-ḥaq.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. (2003). Al-Arbaʻīn fi Uṣūl Ad-Dīn fil-ʻaqā’id wa asrār al-ʻibadāt wal-akhlāq. (ʻAbdullah ʻAbdul-ḥamīd ʻIrwānī & Muḥammad Bashīr ash-shafaqah, eds) Dimashq: Dār al-qalam,.
Al-Ghazālī, Muḥammad. (1987). Kholq al-muslim. Al-Qāhirah: Dār ar-rayyān lit-turāth.
Gutiérrez-Broncano, S., Jiménez-Estévez, P. and Rubio-Andrés, M. (2020). Theoretical Models of Human Resource Management: The Anthropological Model as a Full Model to Manage Human Resources. In Carolina Machado and J. Paulo Davim (Eds.), Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management (pp. 157-172). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66864-2.
Al-Ḥaj, Rā’id. (2008). Idārat As-Sulūk Al-Insānī wa At-Tanẓīmī. ʻAmmān: Dār al-ghaydā’.
Al-Ḥarīrī, Rafidah. (2018). Ittijāhāt Ḥadithah fi Idārat Al-Mawārid Al-Bashariyyah. ʻAmmān: Dār al-Yazūrī al-ʻIlmīyah lin-nashr wat- Tawzīʻ.
Al-Hilāli, Muhammad Taqi-ud-dīn, & Khān, Muhammad Muhsin. (2017). Translation of the meanings of the noble QUR'AN in the English Language. Madinah, K.S.A: King Fahd Complex for The Printing of the Holy Qur'an, Uploaded by muntada rabīʻ al-firdaws al-aʻlā. https://archive.org/details/english-q35683655365368568ran_201703/mode/2up.
Ibn Al-Qaym, Muḥammad bin Abī Bakr Az-Zarʻī. Tahdhīb madārij as-sālikīn. (2010). (ʻAbdul-Munʻim alʻizzī, ed) Al-Qāhirah: Dār an-nashr lil-jamiʻāt.
Ibn Anas, Mālik Al-Aṣbaḥi Al-ḥumayri. (2016). Al-Muwatta’ biriwāyat Abu Musʻab az-zuhrī muqāranatan biriwāyat Yaḥya bin Yaḥya al-Laithī (Vol. 2). (Markaz al-buḥūth wa tiqaniyyat al-maʻlūmāt Dār Asīl, ed) Bayrūt: Markaz al-buḥūth wa tiqaniyyat al-maʻlūmāt Dār Asīl.
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad bin Muhammad. (1999). Musnad Al-Imām Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal (Vol. 35). (Shuʻaib al-Arnā’ūt, ʻĀdel Murshid & Saʻīd al-laḥām, eds) Bayrūt: Mu’assasat ar-risālah liṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Ibn Ḥanbal. (1999). Musnad Al-Imām Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal (Vol. 3.). (Shuʻaib al-Arnā’ūt & ʻĀdel Murshid, eds) Bayrūt: Mu’assasat ar-risālah liṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Ibn Ḥanbal. (1999). Musnad Al-Imām Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal (Vol. 28). (Muḥammad Naʻīm al-ʻarqūsī, Ibrāhīm Az-Zaybaq & ʻĀdel Murshid, eds) Bayrūt: Mu’assasat ar-risālah liṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Ibn Ḥanbal. (2001). Musnad Al-Imām Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal (Vol. 39). (Shuʻaib al-Arnā’ūt & ʻĀdel Murshid, eds) Bayrūt: Mu’assasat ar-risālah li aṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Ibn Ḥanbal. (2009). Musnad Al-Imām Aḥmad. Bayrūt: Dār al-fikr liṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr.
Ibn Mājah, Muḥammad bin Yazīd Al-Qazwīnī. (2009). As-Sunan (Vol. 5). (Shoʻaib al-Arnā’ūt and Muḥammad Kāmel Qurrabillī, eds) Dimashq: Dār al-risālah al-ʻālamiyyah.
Ibn Rajab, ʻAbdul-Raḥmān bin shahāb ad-dīn al-ḥanbalī. (2002). Jāmiʻ al-ʻulūm wal-ḥikam. (ʻAli Muḥammad Maʻūḍ & ʻĀdil Aḥmad ʻabdul-Mawjūd, eds) Ar-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-ʻubaykān.
Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqiy Ad-Dīn Aḥmad. (2005). At-Tuḥfah al-ʻirāqiyyah fi aʻmāl al-qulūb. (ʻAbdul-Jalīl ʻabdus-Salām, eds) Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyyah.
ʻIjyān, ʻA. (1997). Qaḍāyā Sākhinah fil-fikr wat-tashrīʻ wa as-sulūk. Bayrūt: Dār al-khalīj alʻarabī liṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr.
Ives, C. D., & Kidwell, J. (2019). Religion and social values for sustainability. Sustainability Science 14, 1355-1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00657-0
Jadʻān, F. (1979). Usus At-Taqaddum ʻinda mufakkirī al-Islām fil-ʻālam al-ʻarabī al-ḥadīth. Bayrūt: Al-Mu’assasah al-ʻarabiyyah lid-dirasāt wan-nashr.
Jamīl, ʻA. A. (2016). Tadrīb wa Tanmiyat Al-Mawārid Al-Bashariyyah. ʻAmmān: Al-Janadriyyah lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Kāfī, A. (2012). Fi ẓilāl Āyāt aṣ-ṣiyām. Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyyah.
Kim, A., Kim, Y., Han, K., Jackson, S. E., and Ployhart, R. E. (2017). Multilevel Influences on Voluntary Workplace Green Behavior: Individual Differences, Leader Behavior, and Coworker Advocacy. Journal of Management, 43(5), 1335–1358. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3XW4MT5.
Krath, J., & Morschheuser, B. (2022, January 4). Harald F.O. von Korflesch. Designing Gamification for Sustainable Employee Behavior: Insights on Employee Motivations, Design Features and Gamification Elements. Paper presented at the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1594-1603). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2022.198.
Krath, Jeanine. (2021, October 18–21). Gamification for Sustainable Employee Behavior: Extended Abstract for the CHI PLAY 2021 Doctoral Consortium. Extended Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Virtual Event, Austria. ACM, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3450337.3483523.
Laʻzūzī, M. (2006). Thaqāfat al-ḥaj: ʻIbādah wa Akhlāq fan wa inḍibāṭ. Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyyah.
Leary, R. B., Minton, E. A., & Mittelstaedt, J. D. (2016). Thou shall not? The influence of religion on beliefs of stewardship and dominion, sustainable behaviors, and marketing systems. Journal of Macromarketing, 36(4), 457-470.
Machado, C. (2018). Training and Development of Human Resources: A Brief Contribution to a Better Understanding of Its Relevance. In Carolina Machado and J. Paulo Davim (eds.), Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management (pp. 173-203). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66864-2_8
Al-Maidānī, ʻAbdur-Raḥmān. (1999). Al-Akhlāq al-islāmiyyah wa ususihā (5th ed.). Dimashq: Dār al-qalam.
Al-Manāwī, Muḥammad. (2018). Fayḍ Al-Qadīr sharḥ al-jāmiʻ aṣ-ṣaghīr min aḥadīth al-bashīr an-nadhīr. Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻIlmiyyah.
Al-Maqdisī, Ibn Mifleḥ. (1999). Al-Ādāb ash-sharʻiyyah (2nd ed.). (Shuʻaib al-Arnā’ūṭ and ʻUmar al-qiyām, eds) Bayrūt: Mu’assasat Ar-Risālah.
Mahdi, S., & Marni, N. (2021). The Reality to Islamic Behavior and The Quality of Human Resources Performance at The Zakat Fund in Lebanon - Dar Al Fatwa. Ulum Islamiyyah, 33(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol33no1.261.
Maḥjūb, ʻAbbas. (2006). Usūl al-fikr at-tarbawī Fil-Islam. ʻAmmān: Jidārah lil-kitāb al-ʻalamī lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Mammarella, N. (2021). Can Space Tourism Boost Sustainable Behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 771936. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.771936.
Miṣbaḥ, Mujtabā. (2002). Falsafat Al-Akhlāq dirāsāt muqāranah bayn al-madhāhib al-akhlāqiyyah (Muḥammad Ḥasan Zarāqit, Trans). Bayrūt: Maʻhad ar-rasūl al-akram al-ʻālī lish-shariʻah wad-dirāsāt al-islāmiyyah.
Najm, Najm ʻAbbūd. (2006). Akhlāqiyyāt Al-Idārah wa Mas’ūliyyāt Al-Aʻmāl fi sharikāt Al-Aʻmāl. ʻAmmān: Al-wirāq lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Al-Najjār, ʻAbdul-Mājid. (1980). Alʻaql was-sulūk fi al-buniah al-Islāmiyyah. Tūnis: Maṭbaʻat al-Janūb.
Al-Nisā’ī, Aḥmad bin Shuʻayb bin ʻAli. Sunan An-Nisā’ī. (2018). Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyyah.
Norton, T. A., Parker, S. L., Zacher, H., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2015). Employee green behavior: A theoretical framework multilevel review, and future research agenda. Organization & Environment, 28(1), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026615575773.
Ones, D. S., & Dilchert, S. (2012). Environmental Sustainability at Work: A Call to Action. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(4), 444–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01478.x
Pappas, J. B., & Pappas, E. C. (2015). The Sustainable Personality: Values and Behaviors in Individual Sustainability. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v4n1p12
Petelczyc, C. A., capezio, A., Wang, L., Restubog, S. D., & Aquino, K. (2018). Play at Work: An Integrative Review and Agenda for Future Research. Journal of Management, 44(1), 161–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317731519.
Al-Qāḍī, Muḥammad. (2015). As-Sulūk At-Tanẓīmī. ʻAmmān: Al-Akadimiyyūn lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Qari, Abdul Basit, Abdul Rashid, Hafiz, & Ur Rahman, Habib. (2020). Aberrant behavior of employees at workplace: Conceivable reasons, effects and remedies in teachings of Qur’ān. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 10(1), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.101.17
Quṭub, Jamāl. (2013). AL-Islām wa At-Tanshi’ah As-Siyāsiyyah. In ʻAbdul-ḥamīd Abū Sulaimān, (ed.), Mawsūʻat at-tanshi’ah as-siyāsiyyah al-islāmiyyah: At-Ta’ṣīl wal-mumārasāt al-Muʻaṣirah (pp. 196-224). Al-Qāhirah: Al-Maʻhad al-ʻālamī lil-fikr al-islāmī.
Rao, M. A., Mohd nor, M. R., & Khan, S. M. (2021). Behavioural Revival of the Arabs through Psychological Method of “Shaping”: A Discourse Analysis. Islamic Thought and Civilization, 11(2), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.11.2.14
Rezapouraghdam, H., Alipour, H., & Arasli, H. (2019). Workplace spirituality and organization sustainability: a theoretical perspective on hospitality employees’ sustainable behavior. Environ Dev Sustain, 21: 1583–1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0120-4.
Saʻdud-dīn, Imān. Al-Akhlāq fī Al-Islām bayn An-Naẓariyyah wat-Taṭbīq. (2002). Ar-Riyāḍ: Maktabat ar-roshd lin-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Ṣalībā, Jamīl. Al-Muʻjam al-Falsafī. (1994). Bayrūt: Ash-sharikah al-ʻālamiyyah lil-kitāb.
Sankalī, Sharīʻat. (2015). Tawḥid Al-ʻibādah. Ar-Riyāḍ: Al-ʻubaykān lin-nashr.
Saunila, M., Ukko, J., & Rantala, T. (2021). Building Sustainable Innovation Through Changes in Employee Behavior and Organizational Capabilities. In Agarwal N and Brem A (eds.), Frugal Innovation and Its Implementation. Contributions to Management Science (pp. 233-245). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67119-8_11.
Al-Sāyiḥ, Aḥmad. (1988). As-Sulūk ʻind al-ḥakīm at-tirmidhī wa maṣādirihi mina as-sunnah. Al-Qāhirah: Dār as-salām liṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Al-Shaʻrāwī, Muḥammad Mitwallī. (n.d). Al-faḍilah war-radhilah. Maktabat Al-Shaʻrāwī Al-Islamiyyah.
Al-Shawkānī, Aḥmad bin Muḥammad. (1986). Fis-Sulūk Al-Islāmī Al-Qawīm risālatān li-Shaykh Al-Islām Ash-Shukānī al-Ibn. (Ḥusein bin ʻAbdullah Al-ʻUmarī, ed.) Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad bin ʻAli. (2016). Fatḥ Al-Qadīr Al-Jamiʻ bayn fannay Ar-riwāyah wad-dirayah min ʻilm at-tafsīr. Bayrūt: Dār al-arqam bin abi al-arqam.
Sayyid Aḥmad, Riḍā. (1998). Fan at-taʻāmul maʻ an-nās Lamḥāt Sulūkiyyah fi akhlāqiyyāt al-ʻilāqāt al-insāniyyah (2nd ed.). Bayrūt: Dār al-awjām liṭ-ṭibāʻah wan-nashr wat-tawzīʻ.
Shin, F., & Preston, J. L. (2021). Green as the gospel: The power of stewardship messages to improve climate change attitudes. Psychology of religion and spirituality, 13(4), 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000249.
Al-Silmī, ʻAli. (n.d). As-Sulūk Al-Insānī fi Al-Idārah. Al-Qāhirah: Maktabat Gharīb.
Al-Tirmidhī, Muḥammad bin ʻAli bin Al-Ḥasan. (2007). Kayfiyyat As-Sulūk ila Rab al-ʻālamīn. (ʻIṣām Ibrāhīm ad-dirqāwī, ed.) Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻIlmiyyah.
Al-Tirmidhī, Muḥammad bin ʻAli bin Ḥasan. (n.d). Maʻrifat Al-Asrār. (Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Al-Jayūshī, ed.) Al-Qāhirah: Dār an-nahḍah al-ʻarabiyyah.
Tiwari, G. K. (2016). Sustainable Behaviors and Happiness: An Optimistic Link. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.25215/0401.051.
Al-Turābī, Ḥasan. (2017). At-tafsīr at-tawḥīdī. Bayrūt: Dār as-sāqī.
Ulluwishewa, R. (2019). Spirituality, Universal Love and Sustainable Behavior. 3358028. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3358028.
Al-Yaḥṣabī, ʻAyyaḍ bin Mūssā. (2007). Al-Iʻlām bi ḥudūd qawāʻid al-Islām bayan arkān al-islām al-khamsah (ash-shahādatān – aṣ-ṣalāt – az-zakāt – aṣ-ṣiyām – al-ḥaj). (Muḥammad al-khālidī, ed.) Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyyah,.
Zaghab, Aḥmad. (2015). Al-qiyam wal-Akhlāqiyyāt al-muʻāṣirah wa dawruhā fi taqlil al-fasād fi idārat al-munaẓẓamāt al-muʻāṣirah. majallat jamiʻat al-quds al-maftūḥah lil-abḥāth wad-dirāsāt al-iqtiṣādiyyah wal-idāriyyah, 1(3), 59-84. https://dspace.qou.edu/handle/194/1497
Zīdān, ʻAbdil karīm. (1976). Uṣūl Ad-daʻwah (3rd ed.). ʻAbdel karīm Zīdān.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Souad Mahdi, Nurazmallail Marni
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
If the article is accepted for publication, the copyright of this article will be vested to author(s) and granted the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, unless otherwise stated. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.