Cymbopogon Nardus From Malay Society Tradition Perspectives: An Analysis of Chemical Composition Using Steam Distillation From Scientific Finding
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol31no.106Keywords:
Cymbopogon nardus; Leaves; Malay Medical Manuscript; StemsAbstract
Cymbopogon nardus (C. nardus) or fragrance lemongrass is a member of Gramineae family which is well known for its citronella oil content that is commonly used as a natural fragrant oil, in insect repellents, as well as in beauty, household and perfumery products. C. nardus is one of the unique herbs that has been widely discussed in Malay Medical Manuscript and has been consumed by Malay practitioner as it possesses various anti biological activities such as anti fungal, anti bacteria and anti-inflammatory. In traditional system of medicine among Malay traditional people, C. nardus has been used for the treatment of fever, muscle pain, and many kinds of illness. Various uses shown by this herb and the tendency of high application of the herb among Malay society has led us to study C. nardus according to the scientific perspective. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to identify the morphology of C. nardus and its application from Malay traditional’s perspectives, as well as to determine the active compounds present in the herb through scientific findings. Two different parts of leaves and stems of C. nardus were extracted using steam distillation method for 2 hours. The chemical composition of citronella oil was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). An amount of 0.55 % and 0.024 % of citronella oil were extracted from leaves and stems parts, respectively. The main compositions of oil extracted from the leaves part are citronellol (41.4 %), methyleugenol (80.2 %), citronellal (39.7 %), D- limonene (40 %) and geraniol (36.5 %). Meanwhile, the extraction from the stems composed of α-Himachalene (45.34%), Citronellol acetate (48.2 %), cis-Geraniol (57.8 %) and endo- Borneol (26.2 %). Thus, it can be concluded that C. nardus leaves extraction yield higher citronella oil content as compared to stems and consist of different main chemical compositions between the two parts.
Downloads
References
Abdul Ghani Hussain. 2015. MSS 2999 Kitab Tib Pandangan Dan Tafsiran Perubatan Moden Terhadap Manuskrip Perubatan Melayu. Selangor Darul Ehsan: Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia.
Arzani, M.N., Soeharso., dan Riyanto, R. 1992. Aktifitas Antimikroba Minyak Atsiri Daun Beluntas, Daun Sirih, Biji Pala, Buah Lada, Rimpang Bangle, Rimpang Serei, Rimpang Laos, Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih secara In Vitro. Laporan Penelitian, Fak. Farmasi UGM, Yogyakarta.
Amenaghawon, N. A., Okhueleigbe, K. E., Ogbeide, S. E., and Okieimen, C. O. 2014. Modelling the Kinetics of Steam Distillation of Essential Oils from Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Spp.). International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering. 12(2): 107- 115.
Arzani, M.N., Soeharso., dan Riyanto, R., 1992. Aktifitas Antimikroba Minyak Atsiri Daun Beluntas, Daun Sirih, Biji Pala, Buah Lada, Rimpang Bangle, Rimpang Serei, Rimpang Laos, Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih secara In Vitro, Laporan Penelitian, Fak. Farmasi UGM, Yogyakarta.
Cassel, E., Vargas, R. M. F., Martinez, N., Lorenzo, D., and Dellacassa, E. 2009. Steam Distillation Modelling for Essential Oil Extraction Process. Industrial Crops and Products, 29(1): 171-176.
Castro, H. G., Perini, V. B. M., Santos, G. R., and Leal, T. C. A. B. 2010. Evaluation of content and composition of the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) in different harvest times. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 41(2): 308-314.
Chong, D. J. W., Latip, J., Hasbullah, S. A., and Sastrohamidjojo, H. 2013. Optimal Extraction and Evaluation on the Oil Content of Citronella Oil Extracted From Cymbopogon Nardus. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 19: 71-76.
Gahavian, M., Farahnaky, A., and Majzoobi, M. 2012. Comparison of Ohmic Assisted Hydro-Distillation with Traditional Hydro-Distillation for the Extraction of Essential Oil from Thymus vulgaris L. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technology. 14: 85-91.
Hamzah, M. H., Che Man, H., Zainal Abidin, Z., and Jamaludin, H. 2014. Citronella Oil Extraction. BioResources. 9: 256-272. e-Buletin Teknologi Mardi. Teknologi Pemacu Industri Pertanian. http://ebuletin.mardi.gov.my
Koul, O., Walia, S. and Dhaliwal, G. S. 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: Potential and constraints. Biopesticides International 4(1): 63-84.
Kumar, R., and Tripathi, Y. C. 2011. Getting Fragrance from Plant. Training Manual on Extraction Technology of Natural Dye and Aroma Therapy and Cultivation Value Addition of Medicinal Plants. 1-26.
Li, W. R., Shi, Q. S., Ouyang Y. S., Chen, Y. B., and Duan, S. S. 2013. Antifungal Effects of Citronella Oil Against Aspergillus Niger ATCC 16404. Application Microbiology Biotechnology. 97(16): 7483-7492.
Maia, M. F., and Moore, S. J. 2011. Plant-Based Insect Repellents: A Review of Their Efficiency, Development and Testing. Malaria Journal. 10: 1-15.
Mendes, M. F., Pessoa, F. L. P., Melo, S. B. V., Queiroz, E. M. 2007. Extraction Modes in Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing. Wiley. Pp. 147-156.
Mulvaney, J. 2012. Essential Oil and Steam Distillation. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Medical Herbalist.15-19.
Phasomkusolsil, S., and Soonwera, M. 2010. Insect Repellent Activity of Medicinal Plant Oil Against Aedes Aegypti, Anopheles Minimus and Culex Quinquefasciatus Based on Protection and Biting Rate. Southeast Asian Journal Tropical Medicine Public Health. 41: 831-840.
Ribeiro, A. D., Marques, J., Forte, M., Correia, F. C., Parpot, P., Olieveira, C., Pereira, A. I., Andrade, L., Azenha, C., Mendes, A., Alves, G. M., Sousa, C. A., and Tavares, J. 2016. Microencapculation of Citronella Oil for Solar-activated Controlled Release as an Insect Repellent. Applied Materials Today. 5: 90-97.
Roelofs, J. C. A. A., Dillen, A. J., Jong, K. P. 2000. Base-Catalyzed Condensation of Citral and Acetone at Low Temperature using Modified Hydrotalcite Catalysts. Catalyst Today. 60: 297-303.
Silva, C. F., Moura, M. F., Mendes., Pessoa, F. L. P. 2011. Extraction of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) Essential Oil Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide : Experimental Data and Mathematical Modeling. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 28: 343-350.
Skaria, B. P., Joy, P. P., Mathew, S., Mathew, G., Joseph, A., and Joseph, R. 2007. Major Sources of Aromatic Oils. Aromatic Plants. 76-81.
Sukma Wardani. 2009. Uji Aktivitas Minyak Atsiri Daun Dan Batang Serai (Andropogon Nardus L) Sebagai Obat Nyamuk Elektrik Terhadap Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, 4-5.
Tora, N., 2013. Klasifikasi dan Morfologi Tanaman Serai.(http://www. Klasifikasi tanaman serai dan klasifikasinya.com). Diakses pada tanggal 6 Maret 2012.
Wany, A., Jha, S., Nigam, V. K., and Pandey, D. M. 2013. Chemical Analysis and Therapeutic Uses of Citronella Oil from Cymbopogon winterianus. International of Advanced Research. 1(6): 504-521.
www.forestry.gov.my. Retrieved on 10 August 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Nurulwahidah Fauzi, Juliana Jumal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
If the article is accepted for publication, the copyright of this article will be vested to author(s) and granted the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, unless otherwise stated. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
